
yuyi
强化学习是一种机器学习方法,强调通过与环境的交互来学习策略,从而在某种情境下最大化累积奖励。主要包括以下几个概念:
在强化学习中,智能体通过不断尝试和错误(Trial and Error),学习到一个最优策略来最大化其累积奖励。这个过程通常通过以下几个步骤实现:
深度强化学习结合了深度学习和强化学习,Deep Reinforcement Learning, DRL)是一门结合了深度学习和强化学习的学科,使用深度神经网络来近似策略函数或价值函数,使得智能体能够在高维和复杂的环境中进行学习。
在深度强化学习中,你需要理解以下几个基本概念:
DQN是深度强化学习中一个基础且经典的算法。我们可以先从DQN开始。
在每个时间步中:
接下来,我们可以通过实际编程来实现DQN算法。你需要掌握以下工具和库:
我们可以从一个简单的环境(如CartPole)入手,实现DQN算法的基本版本。首先,我们需要安装必要的库:
conda install gym
conda install pytorch
先看一下最终的结果。下面是训练了 400 多轮后的结果,性能越好,其维持平衡的时间越长,即输出的视频时间也会越长。
下面这段代码实现了一个基于深度Q网络(Deep Q-Network, DQN)的强化学习智能体,用于解决CartPole-v1环境中的平衡杆问题。以下是代码的主要部分和功能介绍:
import gym
import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from collections import deque
import random
导入了所需的库,包括用于创建和管理强化学习环境的Gym库,用于数据处理的NumPy库,以及用于构建神经网络和优化的PyTorch库。
class QNetwork(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, state_size, action_size):
super(QNetwork, self).__init__()
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(state_size, 24)
self.fc2 = nn.Linear(24, 24)
self.fc3 = nn.Linear(24, action_size)
def forward(self, x):
x = torch.relu(self.fc1(x))
x = torch.relu(self.fc2(x))
x = self.fc3(x)
return x
Q网络是一个简单的前馈神经网络,有三层全连接层。输入是状态,输出是每个动作的Q值。
class DQNAgent:
def __init__(self, state_size, action_size):
self.state_size = state_size
self.action_size = action_size
self.memory = deque(maxlen=2000)
self.gamma = 0.95
self.epsilon = 1.0
self.epsilon_decay = 0.995
self.epsilon_min = 0.01
self.learning_rate = 0.001
self.batch_size = 64
self.model = QNetwork(state_size, action_size)
self.target_model = QNetwork(state_size, action_size)
self.update_target_model()
self.optimizer = optim.Adam(self.model.parameters(), lr=self.learning_rate)
初始化DQN智能体,包括状态和动作的尺寸、经验回放缓冲区、折扣因子、探索率及其衰减、学习率、批量大小,以及Q网络和目标Q网络的构建与优化器的定义。
def update_target_model(self):
self.target_model.load_state_dict(self.model.state_dict())
将当前Q网络的权重复制到目标Q网络中。
def remember(self, state, action, reward, next_state, done):
self.memory.append((state, action, reward, next_state, done))
将经验(状态、动作、奖励、下一状态、是否结束)存储到经验回放缓冲区中。
def act(self, state):
if np.random.rand() <= self.epsilon:
return random.randrange(self.action_size)
state = torch.FloatTensor(state)
with torch.no_grad():
act_values = self.model(state)
return np.argmax(act_values.numpy())
根据当前策略选择动作,使用epsilon贪心策略来平衡探索和利用。
def replay(self):
if len(self.memory) < self.batch_size:
return
minibatch = random.sample(self.memory, self.batch_size)
for state, action, reward, next_state, done in minibatch:
state = torch.FloatTensor(state)
next_state = torch.FloatFloat(next_state)
target = reward
if not done:
target = reward + self.gamma * torch.max(self.target_model(next_state)).item()
target_f = self.model(state)
target_f = target_f.clone().detach() # 确保 target_f 可以被修改
target_f[0][action] = target
self.optimizer.zero_grad()
loss = nn.MSELoss()(self.model(state), target_f)
loss.backward()
self.optimizer.step()
if self.epsilon > self.epsilon_min:
self.epsilon *= self.epsilon_decay
从经验回放缓冲区中采样一个小批量的经验,更新Q值,使用均方误差损失函数,并通过反向传播来更新网络权重。
env = gym.make('CartPole-v1')
state_size = env.observation_space.shape[0]
action_size = env.action_space.n
agent = DQNAgent(state_size, action_size)
n_episodes = 1000
for e in range(n_episodes):
state = env.reset()[0] # 提取实际状态
state = np.reshape(state, [1, state_size])
for time in range(500):
action = agent.act(state)
result = env.step(action)
if len(result) == 5:
next_state, reward, done, _, _ = result
else:
next_state, reward, done, _ = result
reward = reward if not done else -10
next_state = np.reshape(next_state, [1, state_size])
agent.remember(state, action, reward, next_state, done)
state = next_state
if done:
agent.update_target_model()
print(f"episode: {e}/{n_episodes}, score: {time}, e: {agent.epsilon:.2f}")
break
agent.replay()
创建CartPole-v1环境,初始化智能体,并进行训练。在每个episode中,智能体与环境交互,并通过经验回放和目标网络更新来学习最优策略。
# 保存模型
agent.save("dqn_cartpole_model.pth")
# 加载模型进行评估
agent.load("dqn_cartpole_model.pth")
# 使用RecordVideo包装环境
video_folder = './video'
env = gym.make('CartPole-v1', render_mode='rgb_array') # 确保环境支持rgb_array模式
env = gym.wrappers.RecordVideo(env, video_folder, episode_trigger=lambda episode_id: True)
# env = gym.wrappers.RecordVideo(env, video_folder, episode_trigger=lambda x: x == 0)
# env = gym.wrappers.RecordVideo(env, video_folder)
def show_video():
video_files = [f for f in os.listdir(video_folder) if f.endswith('.mp4')]
if video_files:
video_path = os.path.join(video_folder, video_files[0])
video_file = open(video_path, "r+b").read()
encoded = base64.b64encode(video_file)
display.display(HTML(data='''
<video width="400" height="300" controls>
<source src="data:video/mp4;base64,{0}" type="video/mp4" />
</video>'''.format(encoded.decode('ascii'))))
state = env.reset()[0]
state = np.reshape(state, [1, state_size])
total_reward = 0
for time in range(500):
action = agent.act(state)
# next_state, reward, done, _ = env.step(action)
result = env.step(action)
if len(result) == 5:
next_state, reward, done, _, _ = result
else:
next_state, reward, done, _ = result
total_reward += reward
next_state = np.reshape(next_state, [1, state_size])
state = next_state
if done:
break
print(f"Total reward: {total_reward}")
# 关闭环境
env.close()
show_video()
在理解并实现了基础的DQN算法后,你可以进一步学习和实现以下内容:
你可以尝试在更多复杂的环境中应用这些算法,并不断优化和调整你的模型。
Was just browsing the site and was impressed the layout. Nicely design and great user experience. Just had to drop a message, have a great day! 8dfds87a
Hi. We run a YouTube growth service, which increases your number of subscribers both safety and practically.
- We guarantee to gain you new 700+ subscribers per month
- People subscribe because they are interested in your videos/channel, increasing video likes, comments and interaction.
- All actions are made manually by our team. We do not use any bots.
The price is just $60 (USD) per month, and we can start immediately. If you are interested and would like to see some of our previous work, let me know and we can discuss further.
Kind Regards,
To Unsubscribe, reply with the word unsubscribe in the subject.
It's a pity you don't have a donate button! I'd without a doubt donate to this fantastic blog! I suppose for now i'll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account. I look forward to brand new updates and will share this blog with my Facebook group. Chat soon!
https://cutt.ly/PeIdXJ3I
rroyucrt48849.wixsite.com/advertisingmoney
Hi,
I just visited yuyi.monster and wondered if you'd ever thought about having an engaging video to explain what you do?
Our videos cost just $195 for a 30 second video ($239 for 60 seconds) and include a full script, voice-over and video.
I can show you some previous videos we've done if you want me to send some over. Let me know if you're interested in seeing samples of our previous work.
Regards,
Joanna
Unsubscribe: https://removeme.live/unsubscribe.php?d=yuyi.monster
Hi,
I just visited yuyi.monster and wondered if you'd ever thought about having an engaging video to explain what you do?
Our videos cost just $195 for a 30 second video ($239 for 60 seconds) and include a full script, voice-over and video.
I can show you some previous videos we've done if you want me to send some over. Let me know if you're interested in seeing samples of our previous work. If you are not interested, just use the link at the bottom.
Regards,
Joanna
Unsubscribe: https://removeme.live/unsubscribe.php?d=yuyi.monster
Hi there,
We run a YouTube growth service, which increases your number of subscribers both safely and practically.
- We guarantee to gain you 700-1500+ subscribers per month.
- People subscribe because they are interested in your channel/videos, increasing likes, comments and interaction.
- All actions are made manually by our team. We do not use any 'bots'.
The price is just $60 (USD) per month, and we can start immediately.
If you have any questions, let me know, and we can discuss further.
Kind Regards,
Amelia
Hi there,
We run a YouTube growth service, which increases your number of subscribers both safely and practically.
- We guarantee to gain you 700-1500+ subscribers per month.
- People subscribe because they are interested in your channel/videos, increasing likes, comments and interaction.
- All actions are made manually by our team. We do not use any 'bots'.
The price is just $60 (USD) per month, and we can start immediately.
If you have any questions, let me know, and we can discuss further.
Kind Regards,
Amelia
Affiliate marketers, this one’s for you: Social media blocks your ads? We won’t block your message. With our service, your ads go directly to website owners. One flat rate, no per-click charges, and guaranteed delivery.
Feel free to reach out if you’d like to dive deeper into how I do this; my contact info is below.
Regards,
Lance Earls
Email: Lance.Earls@morebiz.my
Website: http://zc3kbq.contactblastingworks.my
Skype: https://join.skype.com/invite/bON5aDdyKhPt
Hi there,
We run a TikTok growth service, which increases your number of followers both safely and practically.
- We guarantee to gain you 700-1500+ followers per month.
- People follow because they are interested in your profile, increasing likes, comments and interaction.
- All actions are made manually by our team. We do not use any 'bots'.
The price is just $60 (USD) per month, and we can start immediately.
If you have any questions, let me know, and we can discuss further.
Kind Regards,
Gemma
Hi there,
We run a TikTok growth service, which increases your number of followers both safely and practically.
- We guarantee to gain you 700-1500+ followers per month.
- People follow because they are interested in your profile, increasing likes, comments and interaction.
- All actions are made manually by our team. We do not use any 'bots'.
The price is just $60 (USD) per month, and we can start immediately.
If you have any questions, let me know, and we can discuss further.
Kind Regards,
Gemma
I can blast your ad text to millions of website contact forms. One flat rate, never any per click costs. People will read your message just like you're reading this one that I just sent through your website contact form now.
Interested? Get in touch via the contact details below.
Regards,
Ralf Renard
Email: Ralf.Renard@morebiz.my
Website: http://z8bqvu.contactblastingworks.my
Skype: https://join.skype.com/invite/bON5aDdyKhPt
Hi there,
We’re excited to introduce Mintsuite, the ultimate platform to enhance your online presence and drive results. Mintsuite empowers you to create stunning websites, manage social media like a pro, and generate traffic effortlessly.
Create Stunning Websites
Manage Social Media Effortlessly
Generate Unlimited Traffic
Grab Mintsuite now for just $16 (normally $180)!
Check out the amazing features of Mintsuite here: https://furtherinfo.info/mint
Thanks for your time,
Michelle
Hi there,
We run a Youtube growth service, where we can increase your subscriber count safely and practically.
- Guaranteed: We guarantee to gain you 700-1500 new subscribers each month.
- Real, human subscribers who subscribe because they are interested in your channel/videos.
- Safe: All actions are done, without using any automated tasks / bots.
Our price is just $60 (USD) per month and we can start immediately.
If you are interested then we can discuss further.
Kind Regards,
Amelia
Hi,
I just visited yuyi.monster and wondered if you'd ever thought about having an engaging video to explain what you do?
Our prices start from just $195.
Let me know if you're interested in seeing samples of our previous work.
Regards,
Joanna
Unsubscribe: https://removeme.live/unsubscribe.php?d=yuyi.monster
Hi there,
We wanted to introduce you to a revolutionary system that helps you create AI-powered tools to generate steady, qualified leads without paid advertising.
Key benefits:
Create AI tools in minutes with simple copy/paste templates
Drive free, targeted traffic to any niche or offer
Built-in call-to-action system to funnel leads to your sales pages
No coding or technical experience needed
We're currently offering a special launch price of $17 (regular $97) which includes bonus training on traffic generation and AI monetization.
For more details, check out: https://furtherinfo.info/etb
Thanks,
Sharyn
Hi. We run a YouTube growth service, which increases your number of subscribers both safety and practically.
- We guarantee to gain you new 700+ subscribers per month
- People subscribe because they are interested in your videos/channel, increasing video likes, comments and interaction.
- All actions are made manually by our team. We do not use any bots.
The price is just $60 (USD) per month, and we can start immediately. If you are interested and would like to see some of our previous work, let me know and we can discuss further.
Kind Regards,
To Unsubscribe, reply with the word unsubscribe in the subject.
Looking for quick working capital? Get approved instantly—no credit checks, no
paperwork, just a smooth, easy process.
See what you qualify for today: reachoutcapital.com/approval
Need working capital? Check what you qualify for instantly—no credit check,
no documents, no sales calls. It’s free and fully automated.
Try now: reachoutcapital.com/approval
Winston here from Iowa. I just wanted to see if you’d like any extra targeted traffic or online help in any capacity - no matter what it might be. Create custom AI bots to answer questions from visitors on your site or walk them through a sales process - I could even create a persona of yourself, setup bulk targeted email/messaging campaigns across the country to hundreds of millions of businesses or consumers at no cost to you, social media growth on autopilot, programming, video/site creation/editing, AI integrations to automate anything you can think of, remove negative listings, consolidating all of your hosting/emails/ssl certificates under one provider that charges $5 a month for unlimited everything, no joke. The list goes on. I've been doing this for over twenty two years and love it.
There's virtually no cost on my end to do any of this for you except for my time starting at around three dollars a day. I don't mean to impose; I was just curious if I could lend a hand. Brief history, I've been working from home for a couple decades now and I love helping others. I'm married, have three girls and if I can provide for them by helping you and giving back by using the tools and knowledge I've built and learned over the years, I can't think of a better win-win.
It amazes me that no one else is helping others quite like I do and I'd love to show you how I can help out. So, if you need any extra help in any capacity, please let me know either way as I value your time and don't want to pester you.
PS – If I didn’t mention something you might need help with just ask, I only mentioned a handful of things to keep this brief :-)
All the best,
Winston
Cell - 1-319-435-1790
My Site (w/Live Chat) - https://cutt.ly/bec4xzTQ
Tired of dealing with slow, outdated loan approvals? Experience the future of
working capital—instant, hassle-free, and completely automated.
See what you qualify: reachoutcapital.com/approval
Hi,
I just visited yuyi.monster and wondered if you'd ever thought about having an engaging video to explain what you do?
Our prices start from just $195.
We have produced over 500 videos to date and work with both non-animated and animated formats:
Non-animated example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bA2DyChM4Oc
Animated example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JG33_MgGjfc
Let me know if you're interested in learning more and/or have any questions.
Regards,
Joanna
Winston here from Iowa. I just wanted to see if you’d like any extra specific traffic or online help in any capacity - no matter what it might be. Create custom AI bots to answer questions from visitors on your site or walk them through a sales process - I could even create a persona of yourself, setup bulk targeted email/messaging campaigns across the country to hundreds of millions of businesses or consumers at no cost to you, social growth on autopilot, programming, video/site creation/editing, AI integrations to automate anything you can think of, remove negative listings, consolidating all of your hosting/emails/ssl certificates under one provider that charges $5 a month for unlimited everything, no joke. The list goes on. I've been doing this for over 22 years and love it.
There's virtually no cost on my end to do any of this for you except for my time starting at around three dollars a day. I don't mean to impose; I was just curious if I could lend a hand. Brief history, I've been working from home for a couple decades now and I love helping others. I'm married, have three girls and if I can provide for them by helping you and giving back by using the tools and knowledge I've built and learned over the years, I can't think of a better win-win.
It amazes me that no one else is helping others quite like I do and I'd love to show you how I can help out. So, if you need any extra help in any capacity, please let me know either way as I value your time and don't want to pester you.
PS – If I didn’t mention something you might need help with just ask, I only mentioned a handful of things to keep this brief :-)
All the best,
Winston
Cell - 1-319-435-1790
My Site (w/Live Chat) - https://cutt.ly/bec4xzTQ
Hi there,
We run a YouTube growth service, which increases your number of subscribers both safely and practically.
- We guarantee to gain you 700-1500+ subscribers per month.
- People subscribe because they are interested in your channel/videos, increasing likes, comments and interaction.
- All actions are made manually by our team. We do not use any 'bots'.
The price is just $60 (USD) per month, and we can start immediately.
If you have any questions, let me know, and we can discuss further.
Kind Regards,
Amelia
Need working capital? Check what you qualify for instantly—no credit check,
no documents, no sales calls. It’s free and fully automated.
Try now: reachoutcapital.com/approval
Looking for working capital? See what you qualify for instantly—no credit check, no paperwork, no sales calls. It's fast, free, and fully automated.
Get started now: reachoutcapital.com/approval
Disclosure: This is a paid advertisement from Reachout Capital. You are receiving this message because you have either inquired about our services or opted to receive marketing communications.
If you no longer wish to receive marketing messages from us, you can unsubscribe by clicking reachoutcapital.com/unsubscribe or send a written request to:
Reachout Capital
Atlanta Financial Center
3343 Peachtree Rd NE, Suite 145-410
Atlanta, GA 30326
We honor all opt-out requests within 10 business days.
Hi there,
We have a curated a premium database of Wordpress websites that provide direct access to active website owners – perfect for selling WordPress services, hosting, or products.
Key benefits:
1. Instant access to website owners already using WordPress.
2. Pre-qualified leads interested in WordPress services.
3. Ideal for selling development, hosting, themes, plugins, or consulting services.
These domains are perfect for agencies, developers, and WordPress service providers looking to expand their client base without cold outreach.
View the complete WordPress website list: https://furtherinfo.info/wp
Best regards,
Ursula
Frustrated with slow and outdated loan approvals?
Step into the future of working capital—fast, easy, and fully automated.
Find out what you qualify for in less than 30 seconds at: reachoutcapital.com/approval
Disclosure: This is a paid advertisement from Reachout Capital. You are receiving this message because you have either inquired about our services or opted to receive marketing communications.
If you no longer wish to receive marketing messages from us, you can unsubscribe by clicking reachoutcapital.com/unsubscribe or send a written request to:
Reachout Capital
Atlanta Financial Center
3343 Peachtree Rd NE, Suite 145-410
Atlanta, GA 30326
We honor all opt-out requests within 10 business days.
In need of fast working capital?
Get approved in seconds—no credit checks, no paperwork,
just a hassle-free experience.
Find out what you qualify for today: reachoutcapital.com/approval
Disclosure: This is a paid advertisement from Reachout Capital. You are receiving this message because you have either inquired about our services or opted to receive marketing communications.
If you no longer wish to receive marketing messages from us, you can unsubscribe by clicking reachoutcapital.com/unsubscribe or send a written request to:
Reachout Capital
Atlanta Financial Center
3343 Peachtree Rd NE, Suite 145-410
Atlanta, GA 30326
We honor all opt-out requests within 10 business days.
Hi Yuyi,
Most business owners pour money into marketing that doesn’t work. They run ads, post on social media, and hope for the best—only to be disappointed by the results.
The problem? They’re relying on vague branding tactics instead of proven strategies.
Dan Kennedy calls this the “ADHD approach to marketing”—jumping from one shiny tactic to another without a clear, measurable plan.
But there’s a better way: Direct-Response Marketing.
This approach focuses on generating real, measurable results, like leads, sales, and conversions. Here’s how you can start applying it today:
Step 1: Speak Directly to Your Audience
One of Dan’s key teachings is this: “If you’re speaking to everyone, you’re speaking to no one.” Direct-response marketing works because it’s personal.
For example:
A company selling weight loss supplements doesn’t just target “everyone who wants to lose weight.” Instead, they target busy moms who want to shed pounds quickly after having kids.
A financial advisor doesn’t market to “everyone interested in saving money.” They craft campaigns for high-income professionals nearing retirement.
Your Action Step: Write down your audience’s specific demographics, challenges, and goals.
Step 2: Use an Irresistible Call-to-Action
Every piece of marketing must tell the audience what to do next. Whether it’s “Download this guide,” “Sign up for a webinar,” or “Call now,” your call-to-action (CTA) should be clear and compelling.
Example 1:
A dental clinic offered a free teeth-whitening session for new patients. The clear CTA—“Call to schedule your free session today!”—resulted in a 200% increase in appointments.
Example 2:
A SaaS company ran ads with the CTA: “Get a 30-day free trial today.” The campaign boosted signups by 35%.
Step 3: Track and Test Everything
One of Dan’s most famous quotes is: “You can’t improve what you don’t measure.” Direct-response marketing relies on tracking every aspect of your campaign.
What’s your click-through rate?
How many leads did you generate?
What’s your cost per acquisition?
Example:
A real estate agent ran Facebook ads targeting first-time homebuyers. By testing different headlines and images, they reduced their cost per lead by 50%.
Tomorrow, we’ll dive into the art of crafting offers your customers can’t refuse.
To your success,
Kevin
Who is Dan Kennedy?
https://books.forbes.com/authors/dan-kennedy/
Unsubscribe:
https://marketersmentor.com/unsubscribe.php?d=yuyi.monster
案例丰富且贴合主题,论证逻辑环环相扣。
?创新性评语?
Looking for working capital? See what you qualify for in 30 seconds—no credit check, no paperwork, no sales calls.
Instant approvals, next-day funding. It’s fast, free, and fully automated.
Get started now: www.nextdayworkingcapital.com/approval
Trusted by thousands of small business owners. Over 600 million funded to businesses like yours!
If you no longer wish to receive marketing messages from us, you can unsubscribe at https://nextdayworkingcapital.com/unsubscribe
每一个段落都紧密相连,逻辑清晰,展现了作者高超的写作技巧。
Hi there,
I'm reaching out because we've just released a complete WordPress video training package with unrestricted Private Label Rights. The package includes 19 professional video lessons across 4 courses, covering everything from WordPress basics to local development.
Key features:
Full PLR rights (rebrand, resell, repurpose as you wish)
4 complete courses with 19 video lessons
Professional production quality
Ready-to-launch sales materials included
This is ideal if you're looking to quickly launch your own WordPress training business or add to your existing product line.
For detailed information and pricing, visit: https://furtherinfo.info/wpmk
Kind regards,
Jacklyn
Was just browsing the site and was impressed the layout. Nicely design and great user experience. Just had to drop a message, have a great day! we7f8sd82
What if you could get business funding—without the hassle?
No credit checks, no paperwork, no sales calls. Just instant approvals and next-day funding.
See what you qualify for in 30 seconds—it's fast, easy, and risk-free!
Don’t wait-Apply Now: www.nextdayworkingcapital.com/approval
Trusted by thousands of small business owners. Over 600 million funded to businesses like yours!
If you no longer wish to receive marketing messages from us, you can unsubscribe at nextdayworkingcapital.com/unsubscribe
这篇文章不错!
Business Funding on Your Terms—No Credit Check, No Hassle.
Get fast, flexible working capital without the usual roadblocks.
Instant approvals, next-day funding, and no paperwork required.
Check your eligibility in 30 seconds—100% free!
See what you qualify for: www.nextdayworkingcapital.com/approval
Trusted by thousands of small business owners. Over 600 million funded to businesses like yours!
If you no longer wish to receive marketing messages from us, you can unsubscribe at nextdayworkingcapital.com/unsubscribe